There are three basic types of bikes: the road bike, the mountain bike, the hybrid bike, and the other kinds of bikes. This post will only cover hybrid, mountain, and road bikes. Other kinds of bikes might be covered in a later post. There are tons of subcategories under and between all of these main types, but these are the main categories.
Road bikes:
These bikes are built for riding on roads. They generally have light frames without suspension because of this. They also generally have thin tires for aerodynamics and decreased rolling resistance. Most road bikes have dropped handlebars that offer a multitude of riding positions and positions that are more aerodynamic.
Mountain Bikes:
Mountain bikes are made for riding off road and on trails. Most types of mountain bikes have suspension to absorb the bounce of riding off or over obstacles. Mountain bikes that only have front suspension or have no suspension at all are called hardtail mountain bikes. Mountain bikes are made to be stronger than road bikes to resist cracking when you ride off of large jumps. Mountain bikes also have knobby tires and disc brakes to help the bikes stop sooner and get a better grip on off road trails.
Hybrid bike:
Hybrid bikes are a mix between road bikes and hardtail mountain bikes. They generally have front suspension and somewhat light frames. They also have tires that are in between that of road bikes and mountain bike tires.
http://www.target.com/p/schwinn-men-s-gtx-2-28-dual-sport-hybrid-bike-red/-/A-52342735
http://www.bicycling.com/bikes-gear/recommended/16-for-2016-the-best-new-mountain-bikes-of-2016
https://www.giant-bicycles.com/us/bikes/on-road
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